Irregardless of ones political views, it is a fact that the past decade witnessed unprecendented economic growth of the Pakistani economy. The previous growth spurt was in the 60s when Korean economic teams came to emulate the decade of development (1958-1968). Other periods saw economic development at around 5% which is also what Pakistan has in store for the newxt few months.

Though much maligned in the Pakistani press, Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz has some good insight into the way forward for Pakistan. Even if we eliminate his political defense, it is pedagogical to understand the points listed in his advice to the current government of Pakistan.

For serious researchers into political and economic thought, we would like to intoduce our readers to Pakistan’s Vision 2020. Many will be surprised that stapins.org already contains these and other suggestions.

http://stapins.wordpress.com/2008/01/07/pakistan-vision-2020/

A more detailed report has been prepared for Pakistani Policticians. This password protected report is presented here:

Protected: POLSPPOL:Halting the march towards Irrelevancy:-Political Strategies for Pakistani Politicians (http://stapins.wordpress.com/2008/12/07/polspolhalting-the-march-towards-irrelevancy-political-strategies-for-pakistani-politicians/)

1) Shaukat Aziz is right on most counts, however we veciferously disagree with him on denationalizing the Steel Mill and OGDC. The Indian and Chinese OGDCs are buying exploration rights all over Africa and the world. The Pakistani OGDC should be competing with them and securing oil supplies for Pakistan in distant lands. The Sir Creek Area has to be opened up for exploration immediately

2) The Pakistan Steel Mill is a national asset without which the nuclear and missile program would not have been possible. Both Russia and China are ready to double and triple its production. Pakistan can and should upgrade the steel mill and export steel utilizing the potential of the Pakistani ship breaking industry (which was the largest in the world–destroyed by the owner of Ittifaq Foundry during his premiership).

3) I agree with the numbers and the assessment that Dar was the worst thing that happened to Pakistan first in the 90s and then again in 2008. Jan-March the Pakistan Stock Market was the best in terms of growth on the planet. After Dar started spewing his garbage, it fell and fell hard.

4) The article is a bit dated. Oil prices are not an issue anymore. Inflation will subside if the country stops printing money and eliminates deficit spending. There should be a constitutional amendment to prohibit deficit spending. Foreign Aid should never be used for deficit financing–only for investment projects.

5) The dams are very important for Pakistan. All six dams should be built. The WB is ready to begin financing them.

6) One of the biggest achievements for Pakistan was the FTA with China. This has to be utilized to the hilt. An FTA has to be negotiated with the USA.

7) The article does not mention the $200 billion potential as food granary of the Middle East or the $100 billion potential as “The Mekan Coast” and does not really discuss the potential of Coal in detail. Pakistan has the 4th largest reserves of coal and this translates to three times the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia. The article does not discuss improving primary education with the help of Sri Lanka and even Bangladesh. It does focus on the nine international universities but does not mention the potential for Pakistani Medical universities built on the pattern of Cuban Medical colleges and the Cuban medical system (one of the best in the 3rd world).

8) Pakistan should kill the IPI pipeline, purchase all the gas from Iran and then containerize it as CNG/LPG and sell it in the international market. If India wants to buy the CNG it can pay in Dollars. The original transit fees wa s $1 Billion. Indian has whittled it down to less than $100 million. Pakistan does not need the headache for $100 million. It is useless. For security reasons Pakistan must not link its economy to India in any way. Already India has started stopping the water to Pakistan 

STAPINS stapins.org has already discussed many of the points listed below in our summary document on this link http://stapins.wordpress.com/2008/01/07/pakistan-vision-2020/

The Economic Way forward By Shaukat Aziz (former Prime Minister of Pakistan)

When I was asked to write a piece on the economic way forward, I hesitated at first because I felt that with a new government in place it is better that we leave the way forward to the new economic managers rather than play the role of back seat drivers and provide unsolicited advise. But the mountain of criticism of the previous government policies from all sorts of arm chair critics, ranging from retired bureaucrats and economists of the cold war era who still believe in the supremacy of state management of the economy and for whom Venezuela and Bolivia are the new role models, to islamists who feel that the entire western global economic system is doomed and we need to chalk out a new paradigm, convinced me that perhaps the time had come to analyze the past and set the record straight, assess the current situation and contribute to the debate on the way forward.

Now that we have the political parties of the nineties back in power it can be instructive to examine a few economic indicators of the nineties with the past eight years and draw inferences. Since the economic growth numbers have been challenged by the critics. I will
use numbers that are not subject to disagreement. So for example, if the GDP growth numbers are being challenged other growth indicators that the public can understand can show the reality.

The official GDP growth from around US $ 65 billion in 1999-2000 to US$ 165 billion in 2007-08 (a factor of 2.5 times) is challenged as being fudged but growth of credit to the private sector over the same time period from Rs one trillion to Rs 2.5 trillion, again a factor of 2.5 times, cannot be challenged.

The data shows that while electricity consumption grew by 1300 Gwh per year in the decade of the nineties it grew by 3750 Gwh per year from 2000 to 2008 a factor of 2.8 times. Gas consumption grew by 20 billion cft per year in the nineties compared with 80 billion cft per year from 2000 to 2007 a factor of four times. The revenue collection by FBR increased from Rs 300 billion in 1999 to over one trillion in 2008 Foreign investment that averaged around $ 500 million per year in the nineties touched over $ 8 billion in 2008 alone. Remittances that were around one billion in 1999 have crossed six billion in 2008.

Development spending that was US$ 1.5 billion in 1999 touched $7.5 billion in 2007. Exports that were 7.5 billion in 1999 reached $18 billion in 2007. Foreign exchange reserves that were around a billion dollars in 1999 reached over 16 billion in 2007.

Stock market index that was around 1300 in 1999 touched its highest level of 15700 in April 2008 a factor of 12 times that placed the KSE as one of the best performing stock markets of the world. The exchange rate showed remarkable stability over the past eight years. Credit rating improved from selective default in 1999 to B+ and B1 by 2007.

Since the February elections and the advent of the new government economic indicators have sharply deteriorated. The Currency has fallen by 25 percent against the Dollar, the stock market index has fallen by 6700 points from its peak in April leading to an asset value loss of 43 percent amounting to loss of market capitalization of around US $ 40 billion; the largest loss in the history of Pakistan. This loss of confidence in the economy of Pakistan has been unprecedented

We can trace the loss of confidence by the foreign investor by examining the spread on the US dollar global bonds that we issued in May 2007. These bonds were issued at the start of the lawyers movement and its associated turmoil.

The bond was a huge success with over subscription of seven times amounting to $ 3.5 billion while we were seeking only $500 million.

The spread was 180 basis points above US government ten year securities. As the lawyers movement continued to gain strength in mid 2007, the spread on the bonds jumped to 300 basis points in July and 400 basis points by November when the emergency was imposed. In December when BB was assassinated the spread jumped to 600 basis points. However, after the elections, the investor community welcomed the peaceful transition by pushing the spread down to 500 points. The stock market also reacted favorably and reached its highest point of 15700 in our history in April, 2008. Since then our chaotic politics and lack of focus on economic issues has led to the collapse of the stock market to 9000 points and the spread has jumped to almost a 1000 points. So what events produced these results, between April and now In the previous government we had been highly successful in crafting a very positive brand image of Pakistan as one of the fastest growing emerging economies in Asia. After our exit from the IMF program and a successful reforms. Investors favorably compared Pakistan to India, China and Vietnam.

Every time we did a road show we were highly successful in our endeavors whether it was the OGDC flotation or UBL GDR or Euro bonds or large privatizations, investors flocked to our offerings. We were a success story in the international financial markets and most of our issues became benchmark issues. Unfortunately, this Government has not been able to maintain Pakistan Brand rather it has eroded considerably.

In this erosion the first stone was foolishly cast by our erstwhile finance minister Mr. Ishaq Dar who displayed incredible irresponsibility and immaturity in lambasting the Pakistani economy in front of the global media; at a time when the global investment community was looking towards the new government for its economic vision and future strategy the new finance minister harangued them on how bad the Pakistan economy was. In spite of this onslaught the rating agencies maintained their ratings until as in their words the new government comes up with its economic game plan. The new government was at this time caught up in utter confusion on the economic direction of the country with rapid changes in the finance setup and revolving finance ministers.

This lack of focus was disastrous for us as against this back ground, our financing plan included a number of financial market transactions totaling around $ 4 billion that were ready for the road shows.

These included the National Bank, Habib Bank, and KAPCO. The exchangeable bond issue of OGDC, and the strategic sale of PSO shares along with management control. With the stock market at an all time high the transactions would have been a great success and the road shows would have generated tremendous good will for the new government and would have highlighted the smooth transition that happened in Pakistan. It would have been a great opportunity to showcase Pakistan in front of the international investment community.

Instead in an inexplicable move the Government cancelled all the transactions. Pakistan directly lost desperately needed inflows of $ 4 billion and with the rising oil import bill this loss placed a huge pressure on the reserves and the currency. Indirectly the loss was
probably twice as much as foreign investors withdrew to the sidelines and domestic investors moved their investments overseas. It might be mentioned that while the government failed to take advantage of the window of opportunity, The MCB bank taking advantage of the great valuations on the stock market in April 2008 privately placed some 20% of their equity with a Malaysian bank for a cool sum of $ 850 million. If the Government had acted similarly, it could have generated sufficient flows to prevent the meltdown which ensued.

Reserves drawdown would have been avoided, the spread on our international bonds would have narrowed down to May 2007 levels, borrowing from the State Bank would have been halved and the government would have had a stable environment for tackling the oil import bill and food inflation. Our current predicament is clearly a creation of our current economic miss-management. A few heads should have rolled because of this incredible lapse

What could have been done in April/May 2008 with the market at 15700 points cannot be done in September/ October 2008 with the market at 9100 points. The international markets are closed to us. We have to wait until our markets get back to their historical levels and investor confidence is restored. How will this be hieved?

The biggest challenge for President Zardari is to restore the eroded;Pakistan Brand; back to its original luster and in the process revive the investment flows that can sustain our growth going forward.

First, while we should be on the right side of the world in the war on terror, the world should seriously help us in our endeavor to build a better economic future for our people. The new president has to focus on the economic issues facing the country. His international
trips to China, Saudi Arabia, Gulf, USA, UK should promote Pakistan economic interests as a pivotal objective. He should not only promote government to government economic cooperation but also promote private sector to private sector interaction with these countries. We need strong, immediate and implement able commitments of around $5 billion balance of payment support from these countries. In addition their leadership at the highest levels should support international moves to promote our economic growth and stability. Better and preferential access to EU and USA markets, greater quotas for labor and deferred payments for oil in Saudi Arabia and Gulf region.

A full calendar of investment conferences and single country exhibitions need to be carried out under the direction of the president. The promotion of exports and investments has to be the major focus and objective of the President. If we can generate foreign investments greater than last year level of $ 8 billion and export growth is revived to healthy double digit levels we would start coming out of the current malaise

Second, it is clear that Pakistan growing trade and current account deficit is being driven by ever escalating oil prices. With the oil bill crossing 12 billion a year there is no option other than passing the full prices to the consumers and eliminate the burden on the budget. This will also help in promoting conservation and improving energy efficiency.

Unfortunately the transition to a new government took place at a time of unprecedented increase in global fuel prices. For example at the time of elections oil prices were around $80 a bbl whereas by July 2008 it had reached $140 a bbl.

While we had planned to limit the fiscal deficit to be under 6 percent and largely financing it from non state bank sources, including commercial bank borrowing and non debt sources. The new government ended up with a much higher deficit level and financed it totally from the state bank.

We have now reached a stage where the issue is no longer energy availability rather it is energy affordability. We have almost 20000 MW of power generation capacity but we are only using 12000 MW because the Furnace oil used for thermal generation has become extremely expensive and beyond the ability of Pepco to pay for. As a result
available capacity is not being used leading to load shedding.

The exorbitant power price increase can only be avoided in the short run if transmission and distribution losses are dramatically curtailed and in the medium term we substitute imported fuel with domestic sources. Thermal power based on imported oil costs around Rs 16 per unit (Kwh) whereas hydel power from Kalabagh would cost Rs 2 per unit.

The power from Thar coal will cost around Rs 8 per unit. While Kalabagh can be completed in five years, Technical problems with Thar coal can delay its availability indefinitely.

If the mega Kalabagh Dam is launched in 2008 it will not only jump start the economy it will also be seen as President Zardari;s gift of Hydel Power to Pakistan just like PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Gift of Nuclear Power to Pakistan thirty five years ago

Third, as far as inflation is concerned it will start coming under control as global oil and food prices filter through the economy.

Our Inflation index is heavily weighted in favor of food energy and commodity prices. So it is highly sensitive to these prices. Since global energy and food prices are easing the same should be felt in Pakistan in the days to come.

Pakistan ‘ s inflation is a supply side and cost push phenomenon and further monetary tightening would not help. Instead a tighter fiscal policy with a lower deficit target and phasing out of borrowing from the state bank will help. At the same time in this period of great change we should ensure that the poor of the poorest are able to cope with the changes particularly higher food prices and social safety nets are made fool proof so that nobody in Pakistan stays hungry.

Fourth, for the first time after 2nd world war agriculture commodity prices have moved in favor of the farmers. We have to ensure that we pass on this benefit of higher global prices to our farmers by deregulating agriculture prices. The only other incentive our farmers
need is predictable water supply. This can be ensured by building more water reservoirs and better water management so that farmers can move from unpredictable subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture.

Study after study in the sub-continent has shown that large multi purpose dams are the quickest way out of poverty. With oil prices at $100 per barrel and destined to double over the next decade there is no way, other than developing our full hydel potential quickly to usher in a new green revolution and providing sustainable gobal advantage to our economy of cheap hydel power.

Fifth, we should stop cribbing about the Consumer economy. Pakistan is a large country with 160 million people and 100 million under the age of 25.

With dependency ratios going down we can reap a demographic dividend over the next several decades. While these youngster have to be prepared for the work force they are already becoming a huge engine of growth for our markets that are growing at fabulous rates to meet the demands of these Pakistani baby boomers, Just like in Europe and South Korea after the 2nd world war, our baby boomers will be the back bone of our middle class and will determine the growth of our economy over the next 40 years until they start to retire

This gives our businesses an historic opportunity to grow and produce the goods and services the population needs. In an era when world is facing a crisis of aging populations we are blessed with opportunities of a young and dynamic population. In this regard consumer financing which has become a butt of criticism has just scratched the surface.

In our country consumer finance is around 5 % of GDP whereas in the developed world it is over 100% of GDP. Consumer financing has a long way to go and along the way it will continue to be one of the engines of growth for us. Any ill founded moves to curtail the consumer economy will hamper the growth of our businesses. We are now going beyond textiles into engineering, electronics, chemicals, food processing, construction materials, real estate and many other sectors based on our domestic markets as these markets continue to expand we will reach economies of scale that will make our producers and the
large associated vendor industry competitive on a global scale and the same producers will be the base for diversifying our exports into more sophisticated and fast growing sectors of the world. Ultimately if our law and order permits and our national psyche adopts rules of
globalization, and globalization as our road to prosperity we will become one of the workshops of the world along with India and China.

Sixth, there are hundreds of infrastructure projects at various stages of implementation including the National trade corridor, Neelum Jhelum hydro power project, KKH upgradation, Urban renewal in Karachi and Lahore, mass transport projects, airports, Baluchistan road network,Gawadar port, industrial parks etc., these projects have to be completed on time and scope. The last government also created an Infrastructure project development facility (IPDF) that needs to be fully utilized so that we can bump up (almost double ) our expenditure on infrastructure particularly hydel projects through public private partnerships.
Seventh, The FBR has to continue generating revenues for the government to carry out the nation building programs. Last year a target of over 4 trillion rupees was set for FBR within the next ten years, four times the current levels reaching about 16 % of GDP. Along with a target of 4 percent of GDP for education expenditures with 1.5% allocated to university education. The education strategy was based on providing universal access to primary education, retaining enrollments into secondary education and technical and vocational training and improving standards at the college and university levels.

Nine new engineering universities in collaboration with European, Korean and Chinese universities were in the pipeline. Going forward we should focus on quality improvement through a big push forward in teacher training, curriculum development and public private
partnerships at the primary and secondary schools level and continued efforts to upgrade the universities and hopefully achieving the setup of the new engineering schools. The national vocational and technical education commission (NAVTEC) has gone through its learning curve and can now be used to upscale its programs to give technical and vocational training a quantum jump.

Eighth, in the financial sector we have created a world class banking system with our banks featuring amongst the leaders in Asia. The Quality of our bankers is second to none and can work in any global setting. The challenge is to further increase the reach and competitiveness of the financial sector with Microfinance playing a much greater role. Our microfinance frameworks are the best in the world and a strong base has been established which can grow manifold to bring financial services to the masses.

The growth of the financial sector will continue at a sizzling rate as the financial sector expands into consumer and housing finance, rural and agriculture finance and development of debt and bond markets, growth of mutual funds, pension funds and other savings instruments.

Ninth, in the competitiveness area we must continue to deregulate and privatize the economy to create a vibrant and competitive economy.

Second generation reforms in economic management have to be continued. An essential pillar of a private sector led market economy, the Competition Commission has to be given financial independence and allowed to work unhindered. The competitiveness support fund, business support fund, agriculture support fund, Khushal Pakistan fund, Smeda etc. have to be used to implement reforms that help the market economy become more productive and competitive from the grass roots level up to the corporate level.

Finally Pakistan needs to continue to grow at 7 to 8 percent to create the 3 to 4 million new jobs per year needed to accommodate our youth and create a dent in poverty in our lifetime. We cannot embrace isolationism, jihadism or any other form of global confrontationist movements.

Instead we have to build on our successes, unleash the potential of our people, exploit our competitive advantages, take advantage of global finance, integrate with global markets, and continue building a dynamic market economy with world class infrastructure to achieve our growth objectives This is the recipe for the future and the way forward for Pakistan.

APPENDIX A

NEEDS OF THE PAKISTANI NATION

Without a lot of ceremony, here is a list of requirements of the Pakistani nation:

1. For our role in the proxy wars of the past century Pakistanis deserve the following. Here a bill to be handed over to “the powers to be”.

2. We want Bullet Trains running from the Karakorum’s and beyond to Gwader and beyond.
3. We want a modern train system and underground railways for our cities.
4. We want Water and sewage lines in our major cities and our towns and villages.
5. We want 1000 proper schools for our children and we want $100 million
6. 2500 brand new world class hospitals. $ 1 Billion.
7. Compare to the USA: (Total Number of all U.S. registered hospitals: 5759
8. Total staffed beds in all U.S. registered hospitals: 955,768
9. Teach Urdu, English, Farsi, Arabic and Chinese in all schools. Also optional languages Punjabi, Kashmiri, Pahari, Hindkoh, Saraki, Pushto, Baluchi, Brahvi, Sindhi, Darri, Potohari. $ 50 million
10. We want 500 modern libraries spread all over the country. Build a library larger than the one in Alexandria. $250 million compare to 117,378 libraries in the USA
11. We want a Motorway system to link all cities of Pakistan, North and South, East and West. $10 billion
12. We need 10 new major airports linked by High Speed Trains. $10 Billion
13. We want 50 million “$100 computers” for Pakistanis in Urdu and all local languages. $100 million
14. We want “kachi abadis” to disappear from our cities. We want to see skyscraper and government housing for all the poor who can be used for labor to build the building. $ 5 Billion
15. We want 100 power plants to eliminate the shortage of electricity in the country.$ 500 million
16. We want 5 major dams and 100 minor dams to prevent the acute water shortage in the country. $ 500 million
17. We want 100 ships for the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation so that Pakistan can become a major sea faring nation able to handle the trade. $ 5 Billion
18. We have to quadruple the yield for our Cotton, Milk and Wheat production benchmarked against the USA, Australia and Canada. $1 Billion
19. Get ship load of Sri Lankan teachers to eliminate illiteracy in Pakistan. $ 10 million
20. Get boatloads of Malaysian manufacturers to setup electronic manufacturing in Pakistan
21. Get train loads of Koreans to build 10 new planned cities in Pakistan. $ 10 Billion
22. Get a plane load of the Swiss to build world class ski resorts and amusement parks and develop our archeological sites as wonders of the world. $ 2 Billion
23. Get busloads of Chinese to build industrial parks in Pakistan. $ 10 Billion
24. We want to reclaim millions of acres of desert in Baluchsitan for our future generations. $ 3 Billion
25. And Oh! Yes Northern Areas are part and parcel of Pakistan not to be bartered away to anyone. Don’t even think of giving up Kashmir!
26. Does this list look expensive? Not really. The cost of all this is in the league of $38 Billion that was offered to Turkey for transit rights into Iraq, which the Turkish parliament turned down. Even if it double or triple that amount, we deserve it.
LET US FOCUS ONLY ON EDUCATION FOR STARTERS:
1) Malaysia focused on primary schools, and Ghana focused on Higher education. For the first 20 years after independence Malaysia did not build any universities at all. Malaysia built primary and secondary schools. The results have shown phenomenal growth for education in Malaysia and dismal results in Ghana.
2) Sri Lanka a country ridden with an ongoing civil war as well as penury stricken population and poverty laden infrastructure was able to life the country out of illiteracy and today has the highest literacy rates in Asia as well one of the highest literacy rates in the world.
3) Abdus Sattar Edhi lives in a corrupt society where the government in unable and unwilling to provide social benefits to its population. Abdus Sattar Edhi runs a fleet of more than 500 ambulances, helicopters and planes. He also has orphanages, women’s shelters, and provides death and burial services to the poor in all urban centers of Pakistan. He is scrupulously honest. He has received many international awards and boasted that his personal account has more than $85 million. Edhi sleeps in his office and wears the clothes donated by the family of a dead person for 10 days

His organization needs to be duplicated.

4) Bangladesh after the trauma of 1971 asked all of its graduates to devote 1 year of their lives. They would only receive a degree if they made sure that two illiterate people would become literate. Paksitan should force all intermediate to educate 5 people and all graduates to educate and make literate 10 people before they can get degrees. NADRA should ensure that there is no duplication of people and there is no fraud.
5) Cuba is one of the most sanctioned countries in the world. It also has one of the best and most comprehensive medical systems in the world. All Cubans are educated and have good medical attention. Hundreds of Cuban volunteers stayed in Pakistan in the earthquake. Cuba and Pakistan established diplomatic relations and Cuba offered 1000 fully paid scholarships to Pakistanis. This system has to be institutionalized and Pakistan needs to learn from Cuba.
6) Karachi has one of the highest literacy in the nation. All Karachi schools run in double shifts and have been running on double shifts for more than 40 years. The Muhajirs have almost a 100% literacy rate. All Pakistani government schools must run on double shifts.
7) Bangladesh developed Grameen Bank. A lot of this has been discussed on this, but the fact remains that this is the “Committee system” used by urban and rural housewives for generations. Grameen offers small loans, mainly to women. Grameen boasts a non-existent default rate because the five or ten members in the “committee” depend on the person to return the loan. This has improved the conditions of the poorest.
8) Turkey has used the capitalist system to eliminate “katchi abadis”, by developing partnerships with the public and private sectors. All the residents of a “katchi abadi” are registered. This list is frozen. Some elected representatives are chosen to work with the government for regularization of the land. The land is used as collateral to get a load to build a new village which includes a) a school b) a hospital c) a shopping mall d) a mosque e) and a high rise building which provides basic amnesties to all the residents. The “katchi abadi” residents cannot sell the land or the building. This goes into a trust. The shops generate funds for the community and a certain number of apartments are sold to the general public and rented to the general public to generate funds for the building. All “katchi abadi” residents thus get decent housing, eyesores are eliminated from the cities, and the venture is commercially feasible.
9) A list needs to be generated of all government run schools. These need to be mapped. All ghost schools need to be listed and identified in a database posted on the internet.
10) Every district has to be identified where schools do not exist.
11) A central Education Emergency Center (EEC)* office needs to be established in every district to create lists of all illiterate persons in the district. The EEC office also lists all children in the district, especially the mother of girls in a database. * Need to think of a good name IN URDU & LOCAL LANGUAGES FOR THE EEC.
12) The EEC Iqra (Insaf *** R*** Area) sets up adult literacy training to all the mothers and adults as well as the children.
13) The EEC establishes schools in one room homes or open air schools, and even under peepal trees or tents. Initially the EEC may use government buildings to train adults and mothers and children in the 2nd shift. As funding becomes available the schools will have an infrastructure. Where possible, the EEC schools will build its own schools
14) The EEC establishes FM radio network and a TV channel for adult education. Australian children who cannot commute to schools used to be taught via CB radios and HAM radios. Today this can and must be established via the internet.
15) Many organizations have created products for the 3rd world a) Hand cranked laptops hooked to network by peer-to-peer network b) solar ovens c) solar powered refrigerator d) cheap toilets d) biogas generators e) wind power tube wells. All of these and others have to listed, prioritized and used in the EEC centers
16) The EEC must set up votechnical centers to teach adults and children basic skills in a) plumbing b) woodworking/carpentry c) electrical works d) computer assembly e) Improving harvesting techniques f) Supply chain improvement and Storage improvement of vegetables and fruits g) Identification of better seeds, and informing farmers about the better seeds to improve per hector yields h)